Risk Factors for Surgery in Patients with Intestinal Behçet’s Disease During Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Therapy

Purpose@#Behçet’s disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated disease involving multiorgan systems. Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of BD include abdominal pain, vomiting, GI bleeding, fistula formation, obstruction, and perforation that might require surgery. Recently, anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-α) therapy has been shown to have favorable outcomes in patients with intestinal BD who are refractory to conventional therapy. This study sought to figure out the risk factors for undergoing surgery during anti-TNF-α therapy in patients with intestinal BD. @*Materials and Methods@#In this retrospective analysis of intestinal BD patients who were treated with anti-TNF-α, we collected the baseline patient data including comorbidities, clinical, endoscopic, and radiologic characteristics, and the Disease Activity Index for Intestinal Behçet’s Disease at the time of anti-TNF-α initiation. Each potential risk factor was compared. For multivariate analysis, Cox regression was used. @*Results@#A total of 62 patients were considered eligible for analysis, and 15 of them (24.1%) underwent surgery. In univariate analysis, the presence of extraintestinal manifestation, such as joint symptoms and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), were significantly associated with surgery during therapy. In multivariate analysis, drug response within 4 weeks [hazard ratio (HR), 64.59], skin and joint manifestation (HR, 10.23 and HR, 6.22), geographic ulcer (HR, 743.97), and ESR >42.5 mm/h (HR, 9.16) were found to be factors predictive of undergoing surgery during anti-TNF-α therapy. @*Conclusion@#We found five risk factors predictive of surgery in patients with intestinal BD receiving anti-TNF-α therapy, which can guide physicians in selecting appropriate patients between anti-TNF-α therapy and early surgery.

Cancer risk in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in Korea: a retrospective multi-center study

Background/Aims@#There have been little research on the cancer risks of patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) in Korea. We aimed to investigate the clinical features of PJS patients and their cancer incidence rate. @*Methods@#Patients with PJS from nine medical centers were enrolled. In those patients diagnosed with cancer, data obtained included the date of cancer diagnosis, the tumor location, and the cancer stage. The cumulative risks of gastrointestinal cancers and extra-gastrointestinal cancers were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. @*Results@#A total of 96 PJS patients were included. The median age at diagnosis of PJS was 23.4 years. Cancer developed in 21 of the 96 patients (21.9%). The age of PJS diagnosis was widely distributed (0.9 to 72.4 years). The most common cancers were gastrointestinal cancer (n = 12) followed by breast cancer (n = 6). The cumulative lifetime cancer risk was calculated to be 62.1% at age 60. The cumulative lifetime gastrointestinal cancer risk was 47.1% at age 70. The cumulative lifetime extra- gastrointestinal cancer risk was 40.3% at age 60. @*Conclusions@#PJS onset may occur at any age and the risks of gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal cancer are high. Thorough surveillance of PJS patients for malignancies is vital.

Korean clinical practice guidelines on biologics and small molecules for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a relapsing-remitting chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has a variable natural course but potentially severe disease course. Since the development of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents has changed the natural disease course of moderate-to-severe UC, therapeutic options for patients who failed conventional treatments are expanding rapidly. IBD clinical trials have demonstrated the potential efficacy and safety of novel biologics such as anti-integrin α4β7 and anti-interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibodies and small molecules such as a Janus kinase inhibitor. Anti-TNF biosimilars also have been approved and are widely used in IBD patients. Wise drug choices should be made considering evidence-based efficacy and safety. However, the best position of these drugs remains several questions, with limited data from direct comparative trials. In addition, there are still concerns to be elucidated on the effect of therapeutic drug monitoring and combination therapy with immunomodulators. The appropriate treatment regimens in acute severe UC and the risk of perioperative use of biologics are unclear. As novel biologics and small molecules have been approved in Korea, we present the Korean guidelines for medical management of adult outpatients with moderate-to-severe UC and adult hospitalized patients with acute severe UC, focusing on biologics and small molecules.

Clinical characteristics and risk factors related to polyposis recurrence and advanced neoplasm development among patients with non-hereditary colorectal polyposis

Background/Aims@#Patients with more than 10 cumulative polyps might involve a greater genetic risk of colorectal neoplasia development. However, few studies have investigated the risk factors of polyposis recurrence and development of advanced neoplasms among patients with non-hereditary colorectal polyposis. @*Methods@#This study included patients (n=855) with 10 or more cumulative polyps diagnosed at Severance Hospital from January 2012 to September 2021. Patients with known genetic mutations related to polyposis, known hereditary polyposis syndromes, insufficient information, total colectomy, and less than 3 years of follow-up were excluded. Finally, 169 patients were included for analysis. We collected clinical data, including colonoscopy surveillance results, and performed Cox regression analyses of risk factors for polyposis recurrence and advanced neoplasm development. @*Results@#The 169 patients were predominantly male (84.02%), with a mean age of 64.19±9.92 years. The mean number of adenomas on index colonoscopy was 15.33±8.47. Multivariable analysis revealed history of cancer except colon cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 2.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–4.01), current smoking (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.17–4.87), and detection of many polyps (≥15) on index colonoscopy (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.21–3.50) were significant risk factors for recurrence of polyposis. We found no statistically significant risk factors for advanced neoplasm development during surveillance among our cohort. @*Conclusions@#The presence of many polyps (≥15) on index colonoscopy, history of cancer except colon cancer, and current smoking state were significant risk factors for polyposis recurrence among patients with non-hereditary colorectal polyposis.

Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease–Asian perspectives: the results of a multinational web-based survey in the 8th Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis meeting

Background/Aims@#Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is no longer a rare disease in Asia, thus it needs to prepare recommendations relevant to Asian patients. This study aimed to identify disparities in the process of the diagnosis of IBD in Asian countries/regions. @*Methods@#In line with the 2020 Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis annual meeting, a multinational web-based survey about Asian physicians’ perspectives on IBD was conducted. @*Results@#A total of 384 Asian physicians (99 in China, 93 in Japan, 110 in Korea, and 82 in other Asian countries/regions) treating IBD patients from 24 countries/regions responded to the survey. Most respondents were gastroenterologists working in an academic teaching hospital. About half of them had more than 10 years of clinical experience in caring for patients with IBD. The European Crohn’s Colitis Organisation guideline was used most commonly for the diagnosis of IBD except for Japanese physicians who preferred their own national guideline. The Mayo score and Crohn’s Disease Activity Index were the most commonly used activity scoring systems for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, respectively. Endoscopy, not surprisingly, was the main investigation in assessing the extent and activity of IBD. On the other hand, there were disparities across countries/regions with regard to the favored modalities of small bowel and perianal evaluation of Crohn’s disease, as well as the use of serologic markers. @*Conclusions@#Results of the present survey revealed practical behaviors of Asian physicians in the diagnosis of IBD. Investigating the reasons for different diagnostic approaches among countries/regions might help us develop Asian guidelines further.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Korea

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly efficacious and safe modality for the treatment of recurrent or refractory Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), with overall success rates of 90%. Thus, FMT has been widely used for 10 years. The incidence and clinical characteristics of CDI, the main indication for FMT, differ between countries. To date, several guidelines have been published. However, most of them were published in Western countries and therefore cannot represent the Korean national healthcare systems. One of the barriers to performing FMT is a lack of national guidelines. Accordingly, multidisciplinary experts in this field have developed practical guidelines for FMT. The purpose of these guidelines is to aid physicians performing FMT, which can be adapted to treat CDI and other conditions.

Impact of Visceral Fat on Survival and Metastasis of Stage III Colorectal Cancer

Background/Aims@#Previous studies have investigated the relationship between visceral obesity and the risk of colorectal tumors. Visceral obesity may affect the outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC), including survival and metastasis. We investigated the associations between visceral adipose tissue and oncologic outcomes in stage III CRC. @*Methods@#Four hundred seventy-two patients with stage III CRC were identified. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas were measured volumetrically via computed tomography for each patient at different levels of the lumbar spine. After adjusting for age, sex, and other clinical factors, the effects of visceral adipose tissue area on mortality and recurrence were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression. @*Results@#In univariate and multivariate analyses, a higher visceral adipose tissue to total adipose tissue (VT) ratio (hazard ratio [HR], 1.041; 95% CI, 1.008 to 1.075; p=0.015) and higher visceral adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue (VS) ratio (HR, 1.016; 95% CI, 1.005 to 1.028; p=0.006) were both associated with poor CRC-specific survival. Interestingly, in the evaluation of each site of recurrence, a higher VT ratio (HR, 1.069; 95% CI, 1.010 to 1.131; p=0.020) and higher VS ratio (HR, 1.024; 95% CI, 1.003 to 1.045; p=0.023) were both related to a higher risk of peritoneal seeding and tumor recurrence. The VT ratio at the L3–L4 level was significantly associated with a higher risk of peritoneal seeding and tumor recurrence (HR, 4.969; 95% CI, 1.303 to 18.949; p=0.019), while other levels showed no such relationship. @*Conclusions@#Visceral obesity is closely related to increased risks of CRC-specific mortality and peritoneal seeding metastasis in stage III CRC patients.

Radiology plus ileocolonoscopy versus radiology alone in Crohn’s disease: prognosis prediction and mutual agreement

Background/Aims@#The optimal tools for monitoring Crohn’s disease (CD) are controversial. We compared radiology plus ileocolonoscopy and radiology alone in terms of prognosis prediction and evaluated the agreement between radiologic and ileocolonoscopic findings in patients with CD. @*Methods@#Patients with CD who were followed up with computed tomography enterography (CTE) or magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) alone or CTE or MRE plus ileocolonoscopy were retrospectively recruited. Time to relapse was investigated to evaluate the difference in prognosis using the log-rank and Cox regression tests, and the agreement between radiologic and ileocolonoscopic findings was determined using a kappa value. @*Results@#A total of 501 patients with CD in clinical remission who underwent CTE or MRE and/or ileocolonoscopy were analyzed. Of these, 372 (74.3%) patients underwent CTE or MRE alone and 129 (25.7%) patients underwent CTE or MRE plus ileocolonoscopy. The cumulative maintenance rate of clinical remission between the two groups was not significantly different (p = 0.526, log-rank test). In multivariate analysis, age <40 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.756; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.263 to 6.013) and a history of steroid use (HR, 2.212; 95% CI, 1.258 to 3.577) were found to independently predict an increased risk for clinical relapse in patients with CD in clinical remission. Radiologic and ileocolonoscopic findings had a moderate degree of agreement (κ = 0.401, –0.094 to 0.142). The comparison of agreement between radiologic and ileocolonoscopic findings was the highest in the anastomotic site (κ = 0.749, –0.168 to 0.377). @*Conclusions@#Radiology plus ileocolonoscopy was not superior to radiology alone in predicting the prognosis of CD.

Quality of Life in Newly Diagnosed Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis: Changes in the MOSAIK Cohort Over 1 Year

Background/Aims@#Improving quality of life has been gaining importance in ulcerative colitis (UC) management. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in health-related quality of life (HRQL) and related factors in patients with moderate-to-severe UC. @*Methods@#A multicenter, hospital-based, prospective study was performed using a Moderateto-Severe Ulcerative Colitis Cohort in Korea (the MOSAIK). Changes in HRQL, evaluated using the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), were analyzed at the time of diagnosis and 1 year later. @*Results@#In a sample of 276 patients, the mean age was 38.4 years, and the majority of patients were male (59.8%). HRQL tended to increase in both the IBDQ and SF-12 1 year after diagnosis. A higher partial Mayo score was significantly related to poorer HRQL on the IBDQ and SF-12 in a linear mixed model (p<0.01). Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or erythrocyte sedimentation rate also showed a negative correlation on HRQL (p<0.05). Patients whose IBDQ score improved by 16 or more (71.2%) in 1 year were younger, tended to be nonsmokers, and had a lower partial Mayo score and CRP than those whose IBDQ score did not. There was no significant association between HRQL and disease extent, treatments at diagnosis, or the highest treatment step during the 1-year period. @*Conclusions@#Optimally controlled disease status improves HRQL in patients with moderate-tosevere UC. The partial Mayo score and inflammatory markers may be potential indicators reflecting the influence of UC on patient`s daily lives.

Continued Postoperative Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor-αInhibitors for the Prevention of Crohn’s Disease Recurrence

Background/Aims@#Many patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) undergo intestinal resection during the disease course. Despite surgery, postoperative recurrence (POR) commonly occurs. Although postoperative use of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitors is known to be effective in preventing POR, few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of continuing the same TNF-α inhibitors postoperatively in patients who received TNF-ɑ inhibitors before surgery. @*Methods@#This retrospective observational study was performed in a single tertiary medical center. We retrospectively reviewed patients who had undergone the first intestinal resection due to CD and divided them into two groups: TNF-α inhibitor users in both the preoperative and postoperative periods, and TNF-α inhibitor users in only the preoperative period. We compared the clinical outcomes between these two groups. @*Results@#In total, 45 patients who used TNF-α inhibitors preoperatively were recruited. Among them, TNF-α inhibitors were used postoperatively in 20 patients (44.4%). The baseline characteristics except age at diagnosis were similar in both groups. The rates of surgical and endoscopic recurrence were not different between the two groups, but the cumulative clinical recurrence rate was significantly lower in the postoperative TNF-α inhibitors group (log-rank p=0.003). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, postoperative TNF-α inhibitors use was significantly associated with a decreased risk of clinical recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.204; 95% confidence interval, 0.060 to 0.691; p=0.011). @*Conclusions@#Continuing TNF-α inhibitors postoperatively in patients who were receiving TNF-α inhibitors before surgery significantly reduced the rate of clinical recurrence. For patients with CD who received TNF-α inhibitors preoperatively, continuing their use after surgery could be recommended.

Multiple Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumor / 대한소화기암학회지

no abstract available

Prognostic Value of Terminal Ileal Inflammation in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Background/Aims@#Few studies have investigated terminal ileal lesions and their prognostic value in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We evaluated the clinical significance of these lesions as a prognostic factor in patients with UC who were in clinical remission. @*Methods@#We retrospectively selected 567 of 4,066 colonoscopy reports that included positive findings from orificial observations of the terminal ileum (TI) and appendix in patients with UC. We finally recruited patients who were in clinical remission (n=204). We compared the clinical courses, including relapse and other prognostic parameters associated with UC, between the groups. @*Results@#The baseline patient characteristics were not significantly different between patients with (n=69, TI+ group) and without TI lesions (n=135, TI– group), although there were more never-smokers in the TI+ group (n=57 [82.6%] in the TI+ group; n=86 [63.7%] in the TI– group; p=0.005). Of note, appendiceal orifice inflammation (AOI) was less frequently found in the TI+ group (14.5%) than in the TI– group (71.9%, p<0.001). The cumulative relapse rate was numerically higher in the TI– group, but it was not significantly different according to the Kaplan-Meier analysis (p=0.116). Multivariate Cox regression analysis also revealed advanced age at diagnosis as the most significant factor (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.964; 95% confidence interval, 0.932 to 0.998; p=0.037), but neither TI inflammation nor AOI were significantly associated with the cumulative relapse rate in patients with UC in clinical remission. @*Conclusions@#For patients with UC in clinical remission, neither terminal ileal lesions nor AOI had significant clinical or predictive value for future relapse.

Mechanism-based Drug Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease With Special Reference to Rheumatic Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprised of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic, relapsing, and remitting disease of the gastrointestinal tract whose incidence is rising worldwide, especially in East Asian countries. The etiopathogenesis of IBD remains poorly understood. It is currently considered that a combination of genetic and environmental factors triggers an aberrant immune response against the commensal intestinal flora in IBD patients. Over the past decades, advances in the knowledge of the inflammatory cascade involved in IBD pathogenesis have expanded the pharmacological armamentarium in IBD. Actually, the introduction of specific biological therapies, including anti- tumor necrosis factor, anti-interleukin- 12/23, and anti-integrin, has revolutionized the treatment of IBD. Moreover, small molecule agents such as Janus kinase inhibitors also now under clinical use. In IBD, a substantial number of patient accompanies various articular manifestations and, rheumatic involvement is one of the most common extra-intestinal symptoms. Many of the mechanisms based drugs described above have already been used in rheumatic diseases. In addition, some of those drugs can be used to treat both IBD itself and accompanied rheumatic involvement, however there are differences in drug usage between these two indications. This review aims to briefly review the mechanism-based drug therapies of IBD with particular reference to rheumatic disease.

Prevention and management of viral hepatitis in inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical practice guideline by the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases

The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been revolutionized for the last 10 years by the increasing use of immunomodulators and biologics. With immunosuppression of this kind, opportunistic infection is an important safety concern for patients with IBD. In particular, viral hepatitis is determined by the interaction between the virus and the host’s immunity, and the risk of reactivation increases if immunity is compromised by immunosuppression therapy. Parts of Asia, including Korea, still show intermediate endemicity for the hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus compared with the United States and Western Europe. Thus, members of IBD research group of the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases have produced a guideline on the prevention and management of viral hepatitis in IBD.

mTOR Signaling Combined with Cancer Stem Cell Markers as a Survival Predictor in Stage II Colorectal Cancer

Purpose@#Wnt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are major molecular signaling pathways associated with the development and progression of tumor, as well as the maintenance and proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), in colorectal cancer (CRC). Identifying patients at risk of poor prognosis is important to determining whether to add adjuvant treatment in stage II CRC and thus improve survival. In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic value of Wnt, mTOR, and CSC markers as survival predictors in stage II CRC. @*Materials and Methods@#We identified 148 cases of stage II CRC and acquired their tumor tissue. Tissue microarrays for immunohistochemical staining were constructed, and the expressions of CD166, CD44, EphB2, β-catenin, pS6 were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. @*Results@#The expressions of CD166 (p=0.045) and pS6 (p=0.045) and co-expression of pS6/CD166 (p=0.005), pS6/CD44 (p=0.042), and pS6/CD44/CD166 (p=0.013) were negatively correlated with cancer-specific survival. Cox proportional hazard analysis showed the combination of CD166/pS6 [hazard ratio, 9.42; 95% confidence interval, 2.36–37.59; p=0.002] to be the most significant predictor related with decreased cancer-specific survival. In addition, co-expression of CD44/CD166 (p=0.017), CD166/ β-catenin (p=0.036), CD44/β-catenin (p=0.001), and CD44/CD166/β-catenin (p=0.001) were significant factors associated with liver metastasis. @*Conclusion@#Specific combinations of CSC markers and β-catenin/mTOR signaling could be a significant predictor of poor survival in stage II CRC.

Risk Factors for Postoperative Recurrence in Korean Patients with Crohn’s Disease

Background/Aims@#A considerable number of patients with Crohn’s disease still need intestinal resection surgery. Postoperative recurrence is an important issue in Crohn’s disease management, including the selection of high-risk patients. Eastern Asian patients showed several differences from Caucasian patients. Therefore, we investigated the postoperative surgical recurrence outcome and identified risk factors in Korean patients. @*Methods@#Clinical data of 372 patients with Crohn’s disease who underwent first intestinal resection between January 2004 and August 2014 at 14 hospitals in Korea were retrospectively reviewed. @*Results@#Over the follow-up period, 50 patients (17.1%) showed surgical recurrence. The cumulative surgical recurrence rate was 6.5% at 1 year and 15.4% at 7 years. Age under 16 (p=0.011; hazard ratio [HR], 5.136; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.576 to 16.731), colonic involvement (p=0.023; HR , 2.011; 95% CI, 1.102 to 3.670), and the presence of perianal disease at surgery (p=0.008; HR, 2.239; 95% CI, 1.236 to 4.059) were independent risk factors associated with surgical recurrence. Postoperative thiopurine treatment (p=0.002; HR, 0.393; 95% CI, 0.218 to 0.710) was a protective factor for surgical recurrence. @*Conclusions@#Among the disease characteristics at surgery, younger age, colonic location, and perianal lesions were independent risk factors for surgical recurrence. Postoperative thiopurine treatment significantly reduced the incidence of surgical recurrence.

The Clinical Efficacy of a Pure Alginate Formulation (Lamina G) for Controlling Symptoms in Individuals with Reflux Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bicarbonate-containing alginate formulations are reported to be effective for controlling reflux symptoms. However, the efficacy of Lamina G alginate without gas production has not been reported. The aim is to evaluate the efficacy of a non-bicarbonate alginate in individuals with reflux symptoms without reflux esophagitis. METHODS: Participants who had experienced heartburn or regurgitation for 7 consecutive days were randomized to one of the following treatment groups: proton pump inhibitors (PPI) plus alginate (combination) or PPI plus placebo (PPI only). In addition, as a reference group, patients received placebo plus alginate (alginate only). The primary endpoint compared the percentage of patients with complete resolution of symptoms for the final 7 days of the treatment. Secondary endpoints compared changes in symptom score, symptom-free days during the treatment period, the Reflux Disease Questionnaire, Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders (PAGI)-Quality of Life and PAGI-Symptoms Severity Index scores, the investigator's assessment of symptoms, and incidence of adverse events. RESULTS: Complete resolution of heartburn or regurgitation was not significantly different between the combination and PPI only groups (58.7% vs 57.5%, p=0.903). The secondary endpoints were not significantly different between the two groups. Complete resolution of heartburn or regurgitation, did not differ between the alginate only reference group and the PPI only group (75.0% vs 57.5%, p=0.146). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of non-bicarbonate alginate to PPI was no more effective than PPI alone in controlling reflux symptoms.

Systemic Therapy for Advanced and Metastatic Colon Cancer / 대한소화기학회지

Colon cancer is one of the three most common cancers in both men and women in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. Approximately one-quarter of colon cancer patients have a metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and systemic therapy is used in many of them as a first line therapy. In addition to existing cytotoxic drugs, target therapy has been introduced in colon cancer and immunotherapy has shown clinical benefits in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer. The purpose of this review was to briefly summarize the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for systemic therapy in colon cancer with special reference to targeted agents and novel agents.

Is Indefinite Dysplasia a Risk Factor for Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease? / 대한소화기병학회잡지

No abstract available.

Ophthalmologic Manifestation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review / 대한소화기병학회잡지

In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ocular extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) are less common than EIM of other systems, but they are clinically important because they can lead to complications that can cause catastrophic damage to the visual acuity and ocular structure. Anterior uveitis and episcleritis are the most common ocular EIM. Involvement of the orbit, posterior segment, and optic nerve can also occur. A variety of treatments are available ranging from topical steroids to systemic immunosuppressive therapies. The treatment of IBD is also essential if the activity of inflammatory bowel disease affects the ocular symptoms.